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HIERARCHY OF MOLECULAR ORGANISATION

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Hierarchy of molecular organisation  All biomolecules derived from very simple low-molecular-weight precursor like CO2,H2O, atmospheric nitrogen.... Organisms convert these precursor to complex building block biomolecules through a series of metabolic intermediates of progressively increasing molecular size and complexity. They link covalently to make micro molecules such as amino acids to proteins monosaccharides to polysaccharides... Soon this high molecular weight macromolecules assembles with each other to form supramolecular complexes such as lipoproteins(lipid + proteins ) glycoproteins (sugar+proteins )glycolipids (sugar + lipids)..  These are not bonded with covalent bonding they stick together through week non-covalent forces like hydrogen bonding ionic bonding hydrophobic interactions Van der Waals force of interaction, these bondings are stable and very specific. Soon this supramolecular complexes are further assembles into cell organelles such as nucleus mitocho
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ECOSYSTEM - ECOLOGICAL ROLE OF BIOTIC COMPONENTS

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INTRODUCTION Biotic components of an ecosystem are the following  #producers/autotrophs #consumers/heterotrophs #decomposers #Transformers/converters PRODUCERS *  Energy fixation and organic matter productions - producers fixing the solar energy with carbon dioxide and water does it produce organic matter such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids etc.. * Incorporation of minerals into protoplasm - plants can absorb nitrogen phosphates iron magnesium... From soil or water and incorporate with into their protoplasm. *Serves as a source of energy for heterotrophs - the energy and the food stored by the producers/ plants are taken or consumed by heterotrophs, in that way the heterotrophs get nourished. * Provide habitat - plants provide suitable habitat for environment for many other organisms. * Environmental modification - aisi no some autotrophs are involved in the weathering of Rock ( formation of soil from rock ) , modification of climate by breaking the wind. HETEROTROPHS *
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PTERIDOLOGY | SELAGINELLA

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MALE & FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE DEVELOPMENT MALE GAMETOPHYTE *  0.015 to 0.05 ml *  It has two walls , outer exine and inner intine *  Exine - thick , scluptured and also called as exospore *  Intine - thin, delicate .also called endospore  *  It consists of reserve food materials *  Up to 13 celled condition - development is inner * Pollination is also called small polination  *  After liberation - numerous development  * 4 primary androgonial cell - androgonial mother cell * Anthrozites - antherozoid FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE * 1.5 to 5 mm *  It has two walls exine , mesospore and intine *  Has reserve food materials * Germination takes place inner sites * It totally depends on the species *  Germination *  Nucleus - numerous divition - formation of free nucleus *  it has large vacuole - peripheral side  Wall formation after numerous divition
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PTERIDOLOGY SELAGINELLA

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Introduction In this section we are going to discuss about the reproduction of Selaginella. Selaginella reproduce manily two ways Vegitative Reproduction and sexual reproduction Vegitative Reproduction In vegitative Reproduction mainly 4 processes are takes place * Fragmentation * Dormant buds * Bulbils * stem-tubers Fragmentation * During favorable conditions * Prostate branches produce roots * These branches brake * New sporophyte produced Dormant buds * Produced in areal branches * During favorable conditions * Develop in to new plant Stem-tubers * Produced at the apices of areal branches * During favorable conditions  * Develop in to new sporophytic plant body                                                                           Sexual Reproduction Sexual reproduction occurs by formation of spores. Selaginella is heterosporous, which produce two types of spores. Megaspores and Microspores                     V.S of Selaginella strobili * Sporophylls are generally ar
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PTERIDOPHYTE , SELAGINELLA

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Introduction Internal morphology of plant shows the structure and arrangement of cells in the plant body. In this section we are going to have a look to internal morphology of selaginella stem,leaf,root & ligule                                                                                    Selaginella sporophytic plant body   STEM *  Cutinised *  Divided in to 3 regions. Epidermis, cortex, vascular cylinder or stele *   Epidermis - uniseriate - prosenchymatous (  plant tissue consisting of long narrow cells with pointed ends) *  Devoid of stomata  and hairs * Cortex  :- multiseriate - compactly arranged parenchyma cells *  In maturity cortex is differentiated into two *  Outer cortex - thick walled lignified parandhama - hypodermis * inner cortex - thin- walled - chlorenchyma * In xerophytes cortex - only thick-walled schlerenchyma *   Endodermis  :- radially elongated endodermal cells - trabeculae *  They posses casparian    bands on lateral sides * Stele :- stel
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Human genetics Normal human karyotype

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Introduction Human genetics is simply the study of the inheritance of human traits. Congenital abnormalities, malformations, disorders and diseases. The milestone of the genetics is Mendelian law                     The branch of science which study this area is called human genetics From 1908 . from second half of 20 th century, human genetics become one of the most exciting branches of biological science, with extensive applications in the study and treatment of several human defects and diseases and also in the qualitative racial improvement of mankind. NORMAL HUMAN KARYOTYPE *  All the somatic cells of human being have same number and type of chromosom es  (23 pairs= 46 chromosomes) *  It signifies the number, size, kind, shape structure and other morphological features of chromosomes *  Graphical / diagrammatic representation of karyotype is called as karyogram or Idiogram *  chromosomes number - somatic cell is - somatic number - diploid number( in human 46) *  Chromosomes num
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PTERIDOPHYTE , SELAGINELLA

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Introduction External Morphology A pteridophyte is a vascular plant that disperses spores. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are sometimes referred to as "cryptogams", meaning that their means of reproduction is hidden.                                                                          One of the plant belongs to the group pteridophyte is Selaginella                        Habit of Selaginella *  Commonly called as spike moss or small clubmoss    *  Show Cosmopolitan distribution *  Almost 700 species Verity *  Shows wide range of habit. Shaded moisture tropical forests, extremely dry conditions, on tree trunk etc... * They act as free living, epiphyte, xerophytes etc.. * Used as ornamental plant  SPOROPHYTE Plant body is sporophyte. Shows considerable variations according to varying species. Sporophytic plant body is broadly classified into 2 sub-genera  (i) Homoeophyllum (ii) Heterophyllum HOMOEOPHYLLUM *  Erect , dichotomously
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